For years, people involved within the oil and gasoline trade have been innovating and creating methods to get accurate measurements. From extraction to delivery of those uncooked materials, everyone within the business has invested quite so much of effort to obtain essentially the most correct measurements.
As a end result, scientists and engineers have been working exhausting to search out new strategies and strategies to make extra efficient metrology systems. Thanks to their exhausting work, the creation of various flow meters was potential and because of this, the oil and fuel industry is still robust at present.
These move meters are used by industry (especially fuel and oil) to calculate the mass circulate or quantity flow of fluids. Such functions outline the capability and kind of move meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass flow and volume circulate.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we have the circulate expertise to sort out these powerful jobs. Difficult oil and gasoline move metering challenges similar to high pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our every day enterprise. We work with lots of our upstream and downstream customers to develop custom move solutions for their toughest challenges, dealing with essentially the most demanding chemical compounds in their most distant and unsafe areas. We work with you to improve process effectivity, cut back expensive manufacturing downtime, and set up real-time monitoring and control.
Table of Contents
Where and the way are oil and gas formed?
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Coriolis circulate meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex move meter
Turbine move meter
Thermal flow meter
Differential move meter
Positive displacement move meter
Oil and gas flow meter choice
Where and how are oil and gas formed?
Before discussing the completely different flow meters generally used in the oil and gas business, you will want to first perceive the process of how the business collects uncooked supplies.
Both of those raw supplies exist in several geological sources. For the most part, pure gas and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The main purpose for that is that these supplies move easily via the rock, making them simpler to accumulate. The capacity of the discovered reservoirs can be determined by their porosity, whereas the production capacity is proportional to their permeability.
To begin the circulate, they drill inside these rocks, which is ready to make the fluid easier to extract. To provoke, enhance or maintain move, water is pumped into the rocks, which are normally positioned underground. High stress water is pumped into these rocks, which can improve the move price and improve fluid extraction. A circulate meter known as an Apure electromagnetic move meter is used to precisely measure the quantity of water pumped contained in the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping isn’t adequate to acquire this material. Most of the oil or gas present in impermeable rocks cannot be formed in the conventional method. These materials are known as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” and so they embrace shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gas. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation ought to be stimulated to begin the move and enable the extraction course of. To do this, a way called “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mixture of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the excessive strain, small cracks (fractures) are created, which can enable the fabric to move freely inside the inspiration. Hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by inflicting these fractures to open to permit the fabric to move, which is where the sand comes in; opening these fractures, resulting in excessive permeability. To accurately measure the mixing of fracturing fluid and additives in the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic circulate meters are used.
Now that we now have explained an overview of how the oil and gasoline trade will get these uncooked materials, the following step is to know how they’re measured utilizing several types of metering techniques.
Ultrasonic move meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the velocity of a fluid flowing via a pipe through the use of sound waves. Once the velocity of the fluid slowly increases, a linear change in its frequency turns into obvious.
Ultrasonic move meters can be used to measure the move rate of fluids inside and outside of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, while the clamp-on model makes use of a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on models are much less accurate than inline fashions. As a result, they’re solely used for spot checks to acquire immediate measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and different flowmeters designed for crude oil can be used to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is appropriate for many various things and is sturdy. Not to say, it requires little or no maintenance.
Coriolis move meter
The know-how utilized in Coriolis move meters just isn’t the latest in measuring natural substances within the oil and gasoline business. The first industrial patents for Coriolis circulate meters date again to the Nineteen Fifties. However, it was not till 1970 that the applying of this technology on this area started. Until now, nothing has changed, despite improvements to the meters for more accurate measurements.
One of the unique designs of the flow meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; however, the practicality of the model was the primary problem due to its vibration problem. To remedy this drawback, the design was changed to a two-tube design as an alternative of 1.
Despite going by way of different designs, the primary principle of Coriolis flow meters never modified. As materials flows via them, inertia is created via the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The variety of twists is proportional to the mass flow price. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to produce a linear flow sign.
There are a quantity of advantages to using a Coriolis move meter. One of them is that it is very accurate. These circulate meters are extra commonly used to measure varied petroleum products similar to crude oil and natural fuel. The primary level of the move meter is that it primarily measures mass move rather than quantity. It is finest fitted to measuring petroleum merchandise because the primary concern in measuring these products is heat somewhat than quantity.
Typically, this kind of flow meter is appropriate for pipes with diameters of 1 to 4 inches. Today, nonetheless, larger models are more available than ever before. The solely drawback of the Coriolis flowmeter could additionally be that it’s dearer than other types of metering methods. This is worth it as a end result of it’s less expensive to maintain than different circulate meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic circulate meter relies on Faraday’s regulation of electromagnetic induction precept of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle can be seen in its limitations: cannot measure steam and gasoline, the measured medium should be conductive, and the conductivity cannot be less than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it may possibly measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, corresponding to pulp, slurry, sewage, etc.. No pressure loss attributable to move detection, giant circulate vary, wide selection of caliber, for large diameter pipeline can be used insertion sort electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and operating temperature to choose the appropriate electrode and lining supplies.
Vortex flow meter
One of probably the most versatile circulate meters, the vortex circulate meter, can easily measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years past, vortex flowmeters lacked the mandatory approvals for use in industry. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute approved a draft standard for the use of this flowmeter. Since that point, a quantity of firms in the trade have been actively working with API to additional develop the standard and its approval.
The commonplace is applicable to liquid, vapor and fuel flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there might be an unsure future, the design is clear for the presence of gases and liquids. In current years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited impact in the marketplace, but the choice for future firms is steadily growing. However, because of other competitors similar to ultrasonic, differential stress and turbine flow meters, it has had little influence on the gasoline trade delivery market.
Turbine circulate meter
Turbine flow meters use a mechanical rotor which is hooked up to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the amount of the fuel, fluid or steam passing by way of the pipe. As the substance passes by way of the pipe, the rotor rotates at its velocity, relying on the speed at which the substance is passing via the pipe. The rotational velocity ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is set by the use of a sensor or different mechanical technique.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet situated on the skin of the pipe. Through the usage of a sign, the sensor and transmitter decide the amount of material flowing in the pipe.
Turbine flow meters are very inexpensive by method of pricing. In addition, they give extra accurate results when the substance being measured is a fuel or any other materials that is free of debris at low move rates.
One drawback of utilizing a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt properly to changing flow charges, as the mechanical parts can wear closely and have to be replaced immediately. In addition, turbine meters work finest when measuring the mass of a gasoline with unknown traits.
In addition to its uses, it is generally used as a billing meter to measure fuel or water in commercial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, however, it competes with volumetric flow meters. The latter is more appropriate for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, while the turbine move meter is best fitted to pipes of 10 inches or more in dimension.
Thermal circulate meter
In its major sense, a thermal flow meter measures the rate at which warmth dissipates as it is injected directly into a gasoline stream. In most instances, thermal move meters are used solely to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation is determined by the composition and temperature of the gas. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this level of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is your greatest option.
Differential move meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic circulate meter, it also measures the move via the pipe. It differs from other flowmeters in that it makes use of Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential circulate meters use constriction to gradual the circulate and pressure of fabric within the pipe.
As the circulate pressure slowly will increase, the magnitude of the strain drop increases proportionally. The data from this event is transmitted over completely different sets of stress readings. Using this data, it is potential to calculate the strain differential to measure the volumetric circulate price.
Differential flow meters are often low-cost. And there are also totally different variations for various substances to make accurate measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a special case as a end result of to have the ability to get accurate readings for a selected gasoline, differential flow meters must be utilized in mixture with different sensors for different elements corresponding to temperature, pressure, gasoline composition and gasoline density.
Although it is an excellent flowmeter in its personal right, business prefers other types of metering methods. This is mainly because of its inaccuracy when it comes to other factors corresponding to temperature, pressure, and so forth. In addition, so as to acquire probably the most accurate fuel measurements, it needs to be utilized in mixture with different sensors or a different version of differential pressure flowmeter altogether. Due to the above elements, it’s tough to acquire accurate readings. This is principally the reason why the oil and fuel industry prefers other forms of metering, especially when coping with gases.
Positive displacement circulate meter
There are different types of constructive displacement move meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric move meters can be used for a big selection of issues involving industrial, industrial and residential purposes. They are most commonly used to measure fuel circulate. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at dealing with a gentle flow in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are usually used to measure fuel flow. The latter is most well-liked over rivals such as Coriolis flowmeters, primarily because volumetric flowmeters do not have the industry approvals required for field applications.
Oil and gasoline circulate meter selection
The main elements to assume about in choosing an acceptable flowmeter embrace: fluid traits, flowmeter characteristics necessities, set up conditions, environmental circumstances, and price.
In addition, the choice of move meters can’t fully pursue high efficiency and high precision, which not solely increases the purchase value, but also increases the value of spare components. It can additionally be needed to contemplate the calibration and upkeep of circulate meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid flow is the basis for guaranteeing the protection of petrochemical manufacturing process, enhancing product high quality and reducing power consumption. Due to the complexity and diversity of move measurement media, there is not a universal type of flowmeter, no flowmeter may be utilized to any different conditions of all kinds of media. Each type of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, totally different ideas, totally different structures, completely different features of the flowmeter in their respective applicable scope play a task. Therefore, the number of flowmeter needs to follow the standard specifications and selection ideas on the identical time complete consideration of varied factors affecting flow measurement.
Extended studying:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic circulate meter working precept
Liquid circulate meter
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For years, people concerned within the oil and gas industry have been innovating and creating methods to get accurate measurements. From extraction to supply of those uncooked supplies, everybody in the business has invested a great deal of effort to acquire essentially the most accurate measurements.
As a result, scientists and engineers have been working hard to find new strategies and methods to make extra environment friendly metrology methods. Thanks to their exhausting work, the creation of various move meters was potential and because of this, the oil and gasoline trade continues to be strong today.
These circulate meters are utilized by trade (especially gas and oil) to calculate the mass circulate or quantity move of fluids. Such functions outline the capacity and kind of flow meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass move and quantity move.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we have the circulate expertise to sort out these tough jobs. Difficult oil and gas move metering challenges corresponding to excessive pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our daily enterprise. We work with lots of our upstream and downstream clients to develop custom circulate options for his or her toughest challenges, dealing with probably the most demanding chemical compounds of their most distant and dangerous areas. We work with you to enhance course of efficiency, cut back pricey production downtime, and set up real-time monitoring and management.
Table of Contents
Where and how are oil and fuel formed?
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Coriolis flow meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex flow meter
Turbine flow meter
Thermal circulate meter
Differential flow meter
Positive displacement circulate meter
Oil and gasoline flow meter selection
Where and how are oil and gasoline formed?
Before discussing the totally different flow meters generally used in the oil and gas industry, it is important to first understand the process of how the business collects raw supplies.
Both of these uncooked materials exist in different geological sources. For the most half, pure gas and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The primary reason for that is that these materials move easily by way of the rock, making them easier to accumulate. The capability of the discovered reservoirs could be determined by their porosity, whereas the manufacturing capability is proportional to their permeability.
To begin the circulate, they drill inside these rocks, which can make the fluid simpler to extract. To initiate, increase or maintain move, water is pumped into the rocks, which are normally located underground. High strain water is pumped into these rocks, which can enhance the circulate price and improve fluid extraction. A circulate meter called an Apure electromagnetic flow meter is used to accurately measure the quantity of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some cases, drilling and pumping isn’t enough to obtain this material. Most of the oil or gasoline present in impermeable rocks cannot be shaped in the standard means. These supplies are called “unconventional hydrocarbons,” they usually embrace shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gasoline. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation should be stimulated to start out the circulate and allow the extraction process. To do that, a method known as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mixture of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the high pressure, small cracks (fractures) are created, which is in a position to allow the fabric to move freely inside the inspiration. Hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by causing these fractures to open to permit the fabric to maneuver, which is where the sand is available in; opening these fractures, leading to excessive permeability. To accurately measure the mixing of fracturing fluid and components within the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic flow meters are used.
Now that we have defined an overview of how the oil and gas trade will get these raw materials, the next step is to understand how they are measured utilizing different types of metering methods.
Ultrasonic move meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the speed of a fluid flowing through a pipe through the use of sound waves. Once the rate of the fluid slowly increases, a linear change in its frequency becomes obvious.
Ultrasonic flow meters can be used to measure the move price of fluids inside and outside of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, while the clamp-on mannequin makes use of a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on fashions are much less correct than inline fashions. As เกจวัดแรงดันราคา , they’re solely used for spot checks to acquire immediate measurement results.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and different flowmeters designed for crude oil can be used to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is suitable for lots of different things and is sturdy. Not to mention, it requires very little upkeep.
Coriolis flow meter
The technology used in Coriolis move meters just isn’t the most recent in measuring pure substances within the oil and gasoline industry. The first industrial patents for Coriolis flow meters date back to the 1950s. However, it was not till 1970 that the appliance of this know-how in this subject began. Until now, nothing has changed, regardless of enhancements to the meters for extra accurate measurements.
One of the unique designs of the move meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; nevertheless, the practicality of the model was the first problem because of its vibration downside. To remedy this problem, the design was modified to a two-tube design instead of one.
Despite going via different designs, the primary principle of Coriolis move meters by no means modified. As material flows through them, inertia is created by way of the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The variety of twists is proportional to the mass circulate fee. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to produce a linear flow sign.
There are a number of benefits to utilizing a Coriolis move meter. One of them is that it is very accurate. These circulate meters are extra commonly used to measure various petroleum merchandise corresponding to crude oil and pure gasoline. The major point of the flow meter is that it primarily measures mass circulate rather than quantity. It is greatest suited for measuring petroleum merchandise as a result of the principle concern in measuring these products is heat rather than volume.
Typically, this kind of flow meter is suitable for pipes with diameters of 1 to four inches. Today, nevertheless, bigger fashions are extra readily available than ever before. The only disadvantage of the Coriolis flowmeter could additionally be that it is more expensive than other types of metering systems. This is worth it as a outcome of it’s inexpensive to maintain than other circulate meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic flow meter is predicated on Faraday’s legislation of electromagnetic induction precept of manufacturing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle can be seen in its limitations: can not measure steam and gasoline, the measured medium should be conductive, and the conductivity can not be lower than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it could possibly measure soiled, viscous and corrosive fluids, such as pulp, slurry, sewage, and so forth.. No stress loss caused by circulate detection, giant flow range, wide selection of caliber, for large diameter pipeline can be used insertion kind electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and operating temperature to choose on the suitable electrode and lining materials.
Vortex circulate meter
One of essentially the most versatile flow meters, the vortex move meter, can easily measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years previous, vortex flowmeters lacked the required approvals for use in business. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute permitted a draft normal for the use of this flowmeter. Since that point, several companies in the industry have been actively working with API to additional develop the usual and its approval.
The standard is relevant to liquid, vapor and gas flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there’s an uncertain future, the design is obvious for the presence of gases and liquids. In recent years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited impact on the market, but the desire for future firms is steadily increasing. However, due to other rivals corresponding to ultrasonic, differential strain and turbine move meters, it has had little impression on the gasoline commerce delivery market.
Turbine move meter
Turbine circulate meters use a mechanical rotor which is connected to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the quantity of the fuel, fluid or steam passing by way of the pipe. As the substance passes via the pipe, the rotor rotates at its pace, relying on the speed at which the substance is passing via the pipe. The rotational pace resulting from the rotation of the rotor is decided by means of a sensor or other mechanical methodology.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet located on the outside of the pipe. Through using a signal, the sensor and transmitter decide the volume of material flowing in the pipe.
Turbine flow meters are very cheap in phrases of pricing. In addition, they give more accurate outcomes when the substance being measured is a gas or another materials that is freed from particles at low move charges.
One drawback of using a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt well to changing flow rates, as the mechanical parts can put on heavily and have to be replaced immediately. In addition, turbine meters work best when measuring the mass of a fuel with unknown characteristics.
In addition to its uses, it is commonly used as a billing meter to measure gas or water in commercial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, however, it competes with volumetric circulate meters. The latter is extra appropriate for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, while the turbine flow meter is greatest suited for pipes of 10 inches or more in size.
Thermal flow meter
In its major sense, a thermal move meter measures the rate at which heat dissipates as it is injected directly right into a fuel stream. In most instances, thermal move meters are used solely to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation is dependent upon the composition and temperature of the gas. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this level of accuracy is within acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is the only option.
Differential flow meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic flow meter, it additionally measures the flow via the pipe. It differs from different flowmeters in that it makes use of Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential circulate meters use constriction to slow the move and pressure of fabric within the pipe.
As the flow strain slowly increases, the magnitude of the stress drop increases proportionally. The knowledge from this event is transmitted over totally different sets of pressure readings. Using this data, it is attainable to calculate the pressure differential to measure the volumetric move price.
Differential circulate meters are normally low-cost. And there are additionally totally different variations for different substances to make correct measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a special case because so as to get correct readings for a particular gasoline, differential flow meters should be used in mixture with other sensors for various components similar to temperature, strain, fuel composition and fuel density.
Although it is an excellent flowmeter in its personal right, trade prefers other kinds of metering techniques. This is principally because of its inaccuracy in phrases of different components such as temperature, pressure, and so forth. In addition, in order to acquire the most accurate fuel measurements, it must be used in mixture with different sensors or a special model of differential pressure flowmeter altogether. Due to the above elements, it’s difficult to acquire correct readings. This is principally the reason why the oil and gas trade prefers other types of metering, particularly when dealing with gases.
Positive displacement move meter
There are several types of constructive displacement flow meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric move meters can be used for quite lots of things involving business, industrial and residential applications. They are most commonly used to measure gas circulate. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at handling a gentle flow in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are sometimes used to measure fuel move. The latter is preferred over opponents such as Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a end result of volumetric flowmeters don’t have the business approvals required for subject purposes.
Oil and gas flow meter choice
The primary elements to suppose about in selecting an appropriate flowmeter include: fluid traits, flowmeter traits requirements, installation situations, environmental situations, and price.
In addition, the choice of circulate meters can not totally pursue excessive efficiency and high precision, which not solely will increase the purchase cost, but also will increase the price of spare components. It can be needed to assume about the calibration and maintenance of flow meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid circulate is the premise for ensuring the protection of petrochemical production process, enhancing product high quality and reducing energy consumption. Due to the complexity and variety of circulate measurement media, there is no universal sort of flowmeter, no flowmeter can be utilized to any totally different conditions of all types of media. Each type of flowmeter has its advantages and limitations of measurement, completely different ideas, completely different buildings, completely different capabilities of the flowmeter of their respective relevant scope play a role. Therefore, the number of flowmeter needs to follow the standard specifications and choice rules at the identical time complete consideration of varied factors affecting circulate measurement.
Extended studying:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic circulate meter working principle
Liquid circulate meter